語法學(xué)習(xí)方法
英語學(xué)習(xí)—語法—一般過去時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成：I/we/you/they worked, he/she/it worked
(1)表示過去某個特定時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)
We didn’t have classes last week.上周我們沒有上課.
(2)表示過去的習(xí)慣性或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作
I went to the cinema once a week when i was at school.
我上學(xué)時每周去看一次電影.
When i was in the countryside, I often walked by the riverside.
我在鄉(xiāng)下時經(jīng)常去河邊散步.
(3)敘述過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一件件事
She got up early, fetchet water, cleaned the room and then went out for a walk.
她早早起床,提水,打掃房間然后出去散步.
(4)在條件、時間狀語從句中代替過去一般將來時
They side they would let me know as soon as they got there.
他們說只要他們一到達(dá)那兒就會馬上讓我知道.
He side he would not go if it rained.他說如果下雨他就不去.
(5)用于虛擬語氣
If only i were a bird.要是我是只鳥就好了.
英語學(xué)習(xí)—語法—現(xiàn)在完成時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成：I/we/you/they have worked; he/she/it has worked
(1)表示過去某一時刻發(fā)生，且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，這種情況常與表示一段的時間狀語連用
We have lived here since last October. 自從去年十月份我們就一直住在這兒。
She has studied English for 5 years. 她學(xué)英語已有5年之久
(2) 表示某個已經(jīng)發(fā)生且對現(xiàn)在造成影響或結(jié)果的動作，這種情況常不與任何時間狀語連用
I'm sorry I have lost my key. I can't open the door.
對不起，我把鑰匙弄丟了.門開不了了.
She has left. If you want to see her, you'll have to come tomorrow.
她已經(jīng)走了.如果你想見她的話，你得明天再來一趟.
英語學(xué)習(xí)—語法—過去進(jìn)行時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成：I/he/she/it was working; we/you/they were working
(1)表示過去某一時刻或過去某段時間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動作，一般要有表示過去時間的狀語
At that time she was working in Oxford. 那時，她正在牛津大學(xué)工作.
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning. 今天早晨六點鐘天正下著雨.
What were you doing when I phoned you last night? 昨晚我給你打電話時你在干什么？
(2)可用來表示由過去某時持續(xù)到另一時間的過去動作
He was studying in Cambridge between 1999 and 2001.
在1999年和2001年那段時間，他在劍橋?qū)W習(xí).
From January to March I was traveling in Egypt.
從3月份到4月份期間，我在埃及旅游.
(3)表示故事發(fā)生的背景
It was a sunny morning. Some people were sitting on the riverbank. Some were walking with their dogs. Several boys were playing football nearby...
一個陽光明媚的清晨.河堤上坐著幾個人.有的人在溜狗.不遠(yuǎn)處有幾個男童在踢足球...
(4)與某些動詞連用時，代替過去將來時
這類動詞有 come來, go去, leave離開, start開始, stay逗留 等.主語必須是人.
He telephoned me, saying that his aunt was coming to see me soon.
他打電話給我，說他姨很快就要看我了.
五、現(xiàn)在完成時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成：I/we/you/they have worked; he/she/it has worked
(1)表示過去某一時刻發(fā)生，且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，這種情況常與表示一段的時間狀語連用
We have lived here since last October. 自從去年十月份我們就一直住在這兒。
She has studied English for 5 years. 她學(xué)英語已有5年之久
(2) 表示某個已經(jīng)發(fā)生且對現(xiàn)在造成影響或結(jié)果的動作，這種情況常不與任何時間狀語連用
I'm sorry I have lost my key. I can't open the door.
對不起，我把鑰匙弄丟了.門開不了了.
She has left. If you want to see her, you'll have to come tomorrow.
她已經(jīng)走了.如果你想見她的話，你得明天再來一趟.
英語學(xué)習(xí)—語法—現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成：I am =I’m working , she/he/it is = he’s等 working
, We/you/they are =We’re等working
(1)表示說話時正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作
Please don’t make so much noise, I’m writing a composition.
不要吵鬧,我正在寫作文.
Let’s set off, it isn’t raining now.咱們出發(fā)把,現(xiàn)在天不下雨了.
(2)有時通過上下問可以判斷出應(yīng)采用何種時態(tài)
Its four o’clock in the afternoon, the children are playing football on the sports ground.現(xiàn)在是下午4點,孩子們在操場上踢足球.
(3)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而說話時不一定在進(jìn)行的動作
We are working in a factory these days.這幾天我們在一家工廠工作.
They are compiling a dictionary.他們在編一本詞典.
(4)在口語中表示主語計劃將要做的動作
They are leaving for New York tomorrow.明天他們將要動身前往紐約.
(5)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與always等副詞連用時帶有感情色彩
He's always quarrelling with others.他老喜歡跟別人吵架.
She is constantly worrying about her son's health. 她不停地為她兒子的健康擔(dān)心著.
The boy is forever asking questions.那個男孩老是提問問題.
(6)有的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時句子和一般現(xiàn)在時同義。用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示問者的關(guān)切心情
How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺如何？
I am looking forward to your next visit.我盼望你下次再來.
Why are you looking so sad? 為什么你看起來這么愁眉苦臉的樣子呢？
(7)有的動詞用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示“逐漸”的含義
Our study is becoming more interesting. 我們的學(xué)習(xí)變得越來越有趣了.
The leaves are turning red. 樹葉漸漸地變紅了.
Wait a moment， I am finishing my supper. 等一會兒，我的晚飯就要吃完了.
(8)“be”動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時�！癰e”動詞用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示說話者認(rèn)為是短暫的、和平常不一樣的、甚至是偽裝的.
He is being foolish. 他在裝傻.
He is being honest. 他表現(xiàn)得特別老實.
I can't understand why he is being so selfish.我不明白此時他為何如此自私.
英語學(xué)習(xí)—語法—一般現(xiàn)在時
謂語動詞構(gòu)成：I /we/you/they work , he/she/it works
(1)表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的動作或狀態(tài)
My father always reads newspaper after breakfast.我父親總是在早餐后讀報紙.
We often write to each other.我們時常相互通信.
(2)表示主語現(xiàn)在的性格、特征和能力
He works hard.他努力工作.
Does he like sports? 他喜歡體育運動嗎?
(3)表示客觀事實或普遍真理
The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起.
After summer comes autumn.秋天在夏天之后.
(4)表示按計劃、規(guī)定或時間表將要發(fā)生的事
He starts next week.他下個星期出發(fā).
The train starts at 10 o’clock in the morning.火車將在早上10點開出.
(5) 用于狀語從句代替一般將來時
I will tell him about it as soon as i see him next Monday.
下個周一我見到他時馬上告訴他.
I will get everything ready before my boss comes back.
我要在老板回來之前把一切都準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng).
(6)有些動詞即使表示現(xiàn)在的動作也不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時，也只能用一般現(xiàn)在時
I tell you the truth, i hate to do it.說實話,我討厭那樣做.
I hope the weather would fine.我希望天氣會晴朗.
I am looking into the room, and i see a strange man in it.
我往房間里看,看到了房間里一個陌生的男子.
(7)和here、there 連用
Here comes the bus.公共汽車來了.
There goes the bell.鈴聲響了.
(8)一些固定表達(dá)發(fā)
I promise/ advise / insist/ agree/ refuse/ suggest……
我允諾/建議/強(qiáng)調(diào)/同意/拒絕/建議……
(9)描述過去時間的事實。多見于口述或敘述文，以增加生動很真實
He says the river rises higher and higher, breaks the bank and is filling all low place.他說河水越漲越高，漫過河岸，淹沒低洼地.
直接與間接引語
Part I：單詞與短語
a dinner party晚宴；hostess n.女主人；sit next to sb.挨著某人坐；unsmiling adj.不茍言笑的；tight adj.緊身的；take one's seat （動詞短語）就座；fix on sth. （動詞結(jié)構(gòu)）集中在……上；plate n.盤子；in a short time一會兒功夫；busy doing忙于做某事；make conversation with sb 與某人交談；in despair 絕望中，絕望之下
Part II：語法學(xué)習(xí)
1.直接引語與間接引語的相互轉(zhuǎn)換示例
示例1：I said to her, “A new play is coming to the Globe soon.”
I said to her that a new play was coming to the Globe soon.
示例2：I asked her, “Will you be seeing it?”
I asked her whether she would be seeing it.
示例3：“Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?” I asked her.
I asked her if she would be spending her holidays abroad that year.
示例4：“Will you be staying in England?” I asked her.
I asked her if she would be staying in England.
示例5：In despair, I asked her, “Are you enjoying your dinner?”
In despair, I asked her if she was enjoying her dinner.
示例6：“Young man,” she answered, “if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner.”
She answered that if I had eaten more and talked less, we would have both enjoyed our dinner.
2.虛擬語氣
承接剛剛講過的內(nèi)容：虛擬語氣的本質(zhì)就是“說廢話”。這里，我們開始探討“說廢話”的幾種情況：
第一，在表示虛擬的條件句中“對現(xiàn)在事實說廢話”，此時，主句也要做相應(yīng)的變化予以配合。
示例：If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.（實際情況呢，沒錢�。�
第二，在表示虛擬的條件句中“對過去事實說廢話”，此時，主句也要做相應(yīng)的變化予以配合。
示例：If you had told me the truth earlier, I would not have acted like that.（實際情況呢，你沒告訴我，而我呢，也就那樣做了�。�
第三，在表示虛擬的條件句中“對將來事實說廢話”，此時，主句也要做相應(yīng)的變化予以配合。
示例：If I were to die tomorrow, I would not sleep tonight.（實際情況呢？身體棒著呢！明天不可能死，今晚呢，也就會照常呼呼大睡�。�
Part III：綜合訓(xùn)練
Last week （1） a dinner party, the hostess asked me （2） sit next to a Mrs. Rumbold. She was a big, （3 unsmile） lady （4） a tight black dress. She did not even look （5） （6） I took my seat beside her. Her eyes were （7 fix） （8） her plate （9） in a short time, she was busy （10 eat）. I tried to make a conversation. 'A new play is coming to the Globe. Will you （11） seeing it?' 'No,' she answered. 'Will you （12） spending your holidays abroad this year?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. 'Will you （13） staying in England （14） Christmas?' I asked. 'No,' she answered. （15） despair, I asked her （16） she was enjoying her dinner （17） she answered 'Young man, （18） you （19 eat） more （20） （21 talk） less, we （22） both enjoy our dinner.'
答案：
（1） at; （2） to; （3） unsmiling; （4） in; （5） up;
�。�6） when; （7） fixed; （8） on; （9） and; （10） eating;
�。�11） be; （12） be; （13） be; （14） for; （15） In;
�。�16） whether//if; （17） and; （18） if; （19） ate; （20） and;
�。�21） talked; （22） would
Part IV：句子翻譯
英語中必須掌握的連詞
史上最多解法的英文歧義句
從句與先行詞一致原則
1. 上周在一次晚宴上，女主人讓我坐在一位Rumbold夫人旁邊。
2. 這位夫人是個大塊頭、不茍言笑的人，身穿一件黑色緊身衣。
3. 我在她身旁就座時她連頭都沒抬一下。
4. 她兩眼緊盯著盤子，一會兒功夫，她就忙著吃上了。
5. 我試著跟她攀談。
6. 一部新劇就要在環(huán)球劇院演出了，你準(zhǔn)備去看嗎？
7. 你今年準(zhǔn)備去國外度假嗎？
8. 絕望中，我問她是否吃得盡興，她回答說：“年青人，如果你多吃飯少講話，我們兩人就都會吃得盡興了�！�
答案：
1. Last week at a dinner party, the hostess asked me to sit next to a Mrs. Rumbold.
2. She was a big, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.
3. She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her.
4. Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she was busy eating.
5. I tried to make a conversation.
6. A new play is coming to the Globe, and will you be seeing it?
7. Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?
8. In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying her dinner and she answered 'Young man, if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner.'
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